ngsj;jk; xU gfpug;gl;l fyhr;rhuk;
Gj;j fyhr;rhuk; kw;Wk; jj;Jtq;fs; gz;ila ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J Mrpah KOtJk; gutpajhy;> njd;fpof;F Mrpa ehLfSld; xU tYthd gpizg;G cUthfpAs;sJ. ngdha; Nf ngy; ,g;gFjpapd; Gj;j ghuk;gupaj;ijAk; mjd; rkfhy nghUj;jj;ijAk; Muha;fpwhu;
kdpjdpd; gupzhk tsu;r;rpapd; xU Fwpg;gplj;jf;f iky;fy; Gtpapay; kw;Wk; murpay; vy;iyfSf;Fs; fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; vz;zq;fs; guTtjhFk;. ,jw;F kpfr;rpwe;j cjhuzq;fspy; xd;W> ,e;jpaj; Jizf;fz;lj;jpypUe;J njd;fpof;F Mrpahtpd; ehLfSf;F ngsj;jk; gutpaJ.fUj;Jfs; rk;rhuk;> khah kw;Wk; kpj;ah> kw;Wk; nghUs; cyfpd; khia ,ay;G> fpK 8 my;yJ 9 Mk; E}w;whz;LfSf;Fs; cgep\j;jpy; gbfkhf;fg;gl;lJ. tho;f;ifapd; cau;e;j Nehf;fk; khiaapd; jpiur;rPiyfSf;F mg;ghy; moptw;w cz;ikiaf; fhz KbAk;. ,ij mila Kbe;jtu;fs; ‘Gj;ju;fs;’ my;yJ mwpnthsp ngw;wtu;fs; kw;Wk; ‘jPu;j;jq;fuu;fs;’ my;yJ kuz gaj;jpd; kPJ ntw;wp ngw;wtu;fs; vd mwpag;gl;ldu;. mLj;j 2>000 Mz;Lfspy;> ,e;j jj;Jtk; ,yq;if> kpahd;ku;> jha;yhe;J> yhNth];> tpal;ehk;> ,e;NjhNdrpah> Neghsk;> G+l;lhd;> Mg;fhdp];jhd;> jpngj;> nfhupah kw;Wk; [g;ghd; Nghd;w ,d;iwa ehLfSf;F gutpaJ. irgPupah kw;Wk; kq;Nfhypahtpy; cs;s Gupahbahtpy; ,e;j jj;Jt ghu;it gazpj;j tlf;F-vy;iyfshFk;. Mrpah KOtjpYkpUe;J mwpQu;fs; ehse;jh kw;Wk; jf;f;\\pyhtpy; cs;s gz;ila ,e;jpag; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; gbf;f te;jNghJ> mtu;fs; Gj;j Nghjidfs;> E}y;fs; kw;Wk; epidTr;rpd;dq;fis tPl;bw;F vLj;Jr; nrd;wdu;. ,t;thW> ngsj;jk; Mrpah KOtJk; nropj;J tsu;e;jJ> ,d;Wk; $l> ,e;j gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; xU Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg; ngWfpwJ.
kpahd;ku;
kpahd;ku; gy E}w;whz;Lfshf ngsj;j jhf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; fiyfspd; xU rpYitahf ,Ue;jJ. Kjy; kpy;ypdpaj;jpd; Kbtpy;> kpahd;ku; ,e;jpahtpd; gPfhupy; cs;s Nghj;fahtpy; cs;s Gj;j kj ikaj;Jld; Mokhd cwitf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. cz;ikapy;> Nghj;fhahtpy; cs;s kfhNghjp Nfhtpypd; fl;llf;fiy tbtk; kpahd;kupy; cs;s xU Nfhtpy; efukhd ghfdpd; 11 Kjy; 12 Mk; E}w;whz;L Nfhtpy;fisg; gpd;gw;WfpwJ.12 kw;Wk; 13 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy;> ,e;jpahtpd; rkntspfspy; Gj;j ikaq;fs; tPo;r;rpaile;jjhy;> ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J mwpQu;fs; kw;Wk; fiyQu;fs; kpahd;kupd; Md;kPf ruzhyaj;jpy; jQ;rkile;jdu;. ghfd; rpf;fyhd Xtpaq;fs; kw;Wk; rpw;gq;fshy; myq;fupf;fg;gl;l Mapuf;fzf;fhd Gj;j Nfhtpy;fSld; xU ikakhf khwpaJ. ghfdpy; cs;s Nfhtpy;fspd; cs; Rtu;fspy; 12 Mk; E}w;whz;L Xtpaq;fs; nfsjk Gj;jupd; tho;f;if kw;Wk; [hjf fijfisr; Rw;wp tUfpd;wd.kpahd;kupd; jiyefuhd ahq;Nfhdpy;> RNtlfd; gNfhlh gpukhz;lkhf cs;sJ. ,J kpahd;kupy; cs;s kpfTk; Gdpjkhd Gj;j Nfhtpy; kw;Wk; fle;j ehd;F Gj;ju;fspd; epidTr;rpd;dq;fs; ,Ug;gjhf ek;gg;gLfpwJ. ,J ghfd; Nfhtpy;fspd; fl;blf;fiy ghzpahf ,Ue;jhYk; my;yJ mjw;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; Xtpaq;fshf ,Ue;jhYk;> kpahd;kupd; Gj;j ghuk;gupak; ,e;jpahtpd; Gj;j ghuk;gupaj;ij kpf neUf;fkhf gpujpgypf;fpwJ.
tpal;ehk;
mf;Nlhgu; 2018 ,y;> ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; tpal;ehKf;Fk; ,ilNa mjpfk; mwpag;glhj fyhr;rhu njhlu;Gfspd; xU Kf;fpa mk;rk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. xU Kf;fpakhd ,e;jpa Gj;j Mrpupauhd Nghjpju;kj;jpd; tpal;ehk; topahf gazk; Ke;ija tuyhw;whrpupau;fSf;Fj; njupahJ. Nghjpju;ku; [g;ghdpy; n[d; ngsj;jk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; rPdhtpy; rhd; Gj;jj;jpd; (rk];fpUjj;jpy; jpahdh) epWtdu; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. dhtpy; mjd; nry;thf;ifj; jtpu> rhd;/n[d; Gj;jk; [g;ghdpau;fspd; xOf;fk; kw;Wk; Njrpag; gz;ghl;il cUthf;Ftjpy; ngUk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. Nghjpju;ku; ,e;jpahtpypUe;J rPdhTf;Fr; nrd;W 5-6 Mk; E}w;whz;by; mq;NfNa Neuk; nrytpl;lhu;.njd;fpof;F Mrpahtpd; fly; topj;jlq;fspy; njhlu;e;J g Gj;j mwpQu;fspd; elkhl;lk; ,Ue;jJ kw;Wk; Nghjpju;ku; tpal;ehkpd; rhk;gh ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; Mrpahtpd; gpujhd epyg;gFjpapy; tho;e;jpUf;fyhk;> ,jw;F rhd;W njw;F kw;Wk; kj;jpa tpal;ehkpy; mike;Js;s ,e;J kw;Wk; Gj;j Nfhtpy;fs;.
,e;NjhNdrpah
goq;fhyj;jpypUe;Nj> fg;gy;fs; ,e;jpah> ,e;NjhNdrpah kw;Wk; rPdh ,ilNa nghUl;fis vLj;Jr; nrd;wd. ,e;NjhNd\pahtpy; cs;s njhy;nghUs; vr;rq;fs; 2>000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;gpUe;Nj ,e;jpahTld; neUq;fpa njhlu;Gfis cWjpg;gLj;jpAs;sd.Kjy; kpy;ypdpaj;jpy;> rPd ahj;uPfu;fs; fly; kw;Wk; epyk; topahf ,e;jpahtpd; Gdpj Gj;j ,lq;fSf;F gazk; nra;jdu;. mtu;fs; fly; topiag; gad;gLj;jpaNghJ> mtu;fs; ,e;NjhNdrpahtpd; gugug;ghd JiwKfq;fspy; mjpf Neuk; nrytpl;ldu;> ,ijmtu;fspd; vOj;Jf;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;J kjk; ,e;NjhNdrpahtpy; Muk;g fhyq;fspy; ,Ue;jJ kw;Wk; Gj;jkjk; 7 Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; tsu;e;jJ. ,d;Wk; $l> ,e;jpa fhtpakhd uhkhazk; ,e;NjhNdrpahtpd; kpf Kf;fpakhd fyhr;rhu ghuk;gupakhFk;.8 kw;Wk; 9 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy;> ,e;NjhNdrpahtpd; [hthtpy; mw;Gjkhd Gj;j epidTr;rpd;dq;fs; fl;lg;gl;ld. cyfpd; kpfr;rpwe;j Gj;j epidTr;rpd;dq;fspy; xd;whd kj;jpa [hthtpy; cs;s NghNuhGJ}u; ];J}gk; ,e;j fhyj;jpy; i\Nye;jpu kd;du;fshy; fl;lg;gl;lJ.NghNuhGJ}u; ];J}gk; Gj;j jj;Jtj;jpd; fUj;Jf;fis mofhf tpsf;FfpwJ. gy Mapuk; mb rpf;fyhd epthuzg; gzpfisf; nfhz;l ,e;j ];J}gk; xU kz;lyk; Nghy; jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sJ> ,J ,Wjp cz;ikia Nehf;fp VWtjw;fhd jug;gLj;jg;gl;l ghijia toq;FfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpd; kfhuh\;buhtpy; cs;s fd;N`up Gj;j Fiffspy; fhzg;gLtJ Nghy;> 5 Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J kz;lyh]; Gj;j fiyapy; Njhd;wj; njhlq;fpaJ. NghNuhGJ}u; ];J}gk; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J gz;ila Gj;j jj;Jtj;jpd; kpfj; njspthd kw;Wk; mofhd njhlu;r;rpia ep&gpf;fpwJ.
13 Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J 14 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; eLtpy; tiu> jha;yhe;jpd; RNfhj;jhapy; kpfg; ngupa Gj;j ikak; xd;W cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,d;Wtiu Gfo;ngw;w xU ghzpapy; kpf mofhd rpy Gj;j fiy ,q;F cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. me;jf; fhyj;J klq;fs; kuj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;bUf;fyhk;> mjdhy; mit gpiof;ftpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk;> njhlu;e;jJ> Neu;j;jpahd kw;Wk; mofhd Gj;ju; cUtq;fis cUthf;Fk; fiy.14 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; eLg;gFjpapy;> jha;yhe;jpd; kd;du; A Njhq; jw;Nghija ghq;fhf;fpw;F tlf;Nf 85 fpkP tlf;Nf xU Gjpa jiyefiu epWtpdhu;. ,e;jpahtpy; uhku; gpwe;j ,lkhd mNahj;jp efupd; ngauhy; ,jw;F MAj;jah vd;W ngauplg;gl;lJ. ,e;j gFjpapd; Gfo;ngw;w Gj;j ghuk;gupaj;ij fhl;Lk; gy Rthurpakhd klhyaq;fs;> MAj;jhahtpd; ,bghLfSf;F kj;jpapy; cs;sd.jha;yhe;jpy; cs;s Nfhtpy;fspy; ,e;J flTshd tp\;Ztpd; rpfukhd fUldpd; gy rpj;jpuq;fs; cs;sd. jha;yhe;jpy; fUlh mur milahskhf ,Ue;jJ. gu;`l; g Gj;j ];J}gh jz;lthsj;jpy; fUl j;th[h (my;yJ xU Copau; kPJ uh[ nfhb) ,Ug;gij ,q;Nf Fwpg;gplyhk;. 11 kw;Wk; 13 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspd; Nkw;F jpngj;jpy; cs;s gy Gj;j klhyaq;fspYk;> ,e;jpahtpy; ylhf;> y`hy; ];gpl;b kw;Wk; fpd;D}u; Mfpa ,lq;fspYk; jq;f rpwFfs; nfhz;l fUlh]; Kf;fpa ,lk; ngWfpwJ.
rha;e;jpUf;Fk; Gj;jupd; Nfhtpy; tshfk;> thl; /Ngh> 17 Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;F Ke;ija ghq;fhf;fpy; cs;s kpfTk; gpugykhd Gdpj jsq;fspy; xd;whFk;. thl; /Nghtpd; ikag; gFjp Rkhu; 165 mb ePs Gj;ju; rpiy rha;e;j epiyapy; cs;sJ. ,e;j rpj;jupg;G kfhuh\;buhtpd; m[e;jh Fiffspy; fhzg;gLtJ Nghy; Gj;jupd; gupepu;thdhtpd; fiyg;gilg;ig xj;jpUf;fpwJ. ,iwtid rpj;jupf;Fk; ,e;j ghuk;gupak; ,e;jpahtpy; njhlq;fp ,d;W tiu Mrpah KOtJk; njhlu;fpwJ.ghq;fhf; Nfhtpy;fspy; kpfTk; Gfo;ngw;wJ vkuhy;L Gj;ju; my;yJ thl; /g;uh Nft;. ,f;Nfhapy; 1782 Kjy; 1784 tiu kd;du; ,uhkdpd; fhyj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;lJ. Nfhapypd; cl;Gwk; uhkhazj;jpd; fhl;rpfis tpsf;Fk; RtNuhtpaq;fshy; %lg;gl;Ls;sJ. cz;ikapy;> jha;yhe;jpd; ngUk;ghyhd Gj;j Nfhtpy;fs; fhtpaj;jpd; fhl;rpfshy; tu;zk; G+rg;gl;Ls;sd. ,d;Wk; $l> ,uhkhazk;> my;yJ uhkfpnad; vd;gJ cs;Shupy; Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ> ,q;F xU gpugykhd fyhr;rhu ghuk;gupak;.
fk;Nghbah
fk;Nghbah Gdpj fiy kw;Wk; fl;blf;fiy tskhd tuyhw;iwf; nfhz;l kw;nwhU ehL. fk;Nghbahtpd; mur FLk;gk; Kjd;ikahf ,e;J nja;tq;fis topgLk; NghJ> fzprkhd msT Gj;j fiyAk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. fk;Nghbahtpd; ,e;J kw;Wk; Gj;j rpw;gq;fs;> 6 Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; 8 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu> mtw;wpd; mofpYk; rpwg;gpYk; fk;Nghbahtpd; kd;du; ,uz;lhk; R+u;atu;kd; kpfg;ngupa ,e;J Nfhtpy; tshfq;fspy; xd;whd mq;Nfhu; thl;il fl;bdhu;. ,J rptd;> gpuk;kh kw;Wk; tp\;Z nja;tq;fSf;F mu;g;gzpf;fg;gl;lJ> gpd;du; Gj;ju;fshy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.13 Mk; E}w;whz;by;> kd;du; Vohk; n[atu;kd; jdJ jiyefuhd mq;Nfhu; thj;jpy; ,Ue;J 150 fpkP njhiytpy; fk;Nghbahtpd; kpfg; ngupa Gj;j tshfq;fspy; xd;iw fl;bdhu;. mq;Nfhu; njhkpd; “Kf-NfhGuq;fs;” ,d;W mq;Nfhu; thl; kw;Wk; mq;Nfhu; njhk; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpa mq;Nfhu; njhy;nghUs; G+q;fh vd;W miof;fg;gLk; cyfshtpa mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w milahskhf khwpAs;sJ. Nghjprj;tu; NyhNf];tuupd; cyfshtpa fUiziaf; Fwpf;Fk; ehd;F Kf;fpa jpirfspy; Gd;dif Kfq;fspd; Ntiyg;ghLfs; cs;sd. mq;Nfhu; Njhkpd; ikaj;jpy; cs;s gNahd;> kd;dupd; nrhe;j Gdpj kiy kiy. ,J Gj;j kjj;jpd; mw;Gjkhd epidTr;rpd;dq;fspy; xd;whFk;.
yhNth]
njd;fpof;F Mrpahtpd; jPgfw;gj;jpd; ikaj;jpy; yhNth]; ehL mike;Js;sJ. ,q;Fs;s kf;fs; Mo;e;j Md;kPf kw;Wk; Njuthj ngsj;jk; mtu;fspd; fyhr;rhuj;jpd; mbg;gilahFk;. Jwtpfs;> my;yJ tho;tpd; nghUs; trjpfisj; Jwe;jtu;fs;> ,e;jpahtpy; Gj;j gfthd; fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j goq;fhy ghuk;gupaj;jpw;F Vw;g> Mo;e;J Nghw;wg;gLfpwhu;fs; kw;Wk; tof;fkhd md;djhdk; ngWfpwhu;fs;. yhNth]py; fpl;lj;jl;l 5>000 Gj;j Nfhtpy;fs; cs;sd. yhNth]py; cs;s ngUk;ghyhd Mz;fs;> jq;fs; tho;f;ifapd; rpy gFjpfSf;fhf> klq;fspy; Gj;j newpKiwfisAk; cyfj;jpd; ,uf;fKs;s ghu;itiaAk; Cf;Ftpf;f tho;fpd;wdu;. ,J gz;ila ,e;jpahtpd; ‘gpuk;kr;rhu;ah Mrpukj;ij’ (tho;f;ifapd; JwT fhyk;) epidT+l;LfpwJ.jq;f Ythq; ];J}gk; yhNth]pd; Njrpa milahskhFk;. Kjypy; 1566 ,y; fl;lg;gl;l ,e;j ];J}gk; 148 mb cauk; nfhz;lJ kw;Wk; nfsjk Gj;jupd; Gdpj epidTr;rpd;dk; ,Ug;gjhf ek;gg;gLfpwJ.
Gj;ju; jdJ tho;ehspd; ngUk;gFjpia ,e;jpahtpy; jdJ jj;Jtq;fisf; fw;gpg;gjhy;> me;j ehL Gj;j kjj;jpd; njhl;by; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. 11 kw;Wk; 12 Mk; E}w;whz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF ,e;jpahtpy; ngsj;jk; tPo;r;rpaile;jhYk;> mJ mz;il ehLfspy; tsu;e;jJ kw;Wk; Mokhd fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; ehfupfg; gpizg;Gfis cUthf;fpaJ.ngsj;jk; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; tUfpwJ> mjd; tsu;e;J tUk; Gfo; mjd; jj;Jtj;jpd; mikjp jd;ik kw;Wk; njd;fpof;F Mrpahtpy; gutpapUf;Fk; Gtpapay; Mfpatw;Wld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ> cyfpd; Gj;j kf;fs; njhifapy; Rkhu; 98 rjtpfpjk; Mrpa-grpgpf; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; Ftpe;Js;sJ. Gj;j kjj;jpd; gfpug;gl;l ghuk;gupak; ,e;jpah> njd;fpof;F Mrpahitj; jhz;b> [g;ghd;> nfhupah kw;Wk; rPdh Nghd;w ehLfSld; ,izf;fpwJ.ngsj;jk; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; tUfpwJ> mjd; tsu;e;J tUk; Gfo; mjd; jj;Jtj;jpd; mikjp jd;ik kw;Wk; njd;fpof;F Mrpahtpy; gutpapUf;Fk; Gtpapay; Mfpatw;Wld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ> cyfpd; Gj;j kf;fs; njhifapy; Rkhu; 98 rjtpfpjk; Mrpa-grpgpf; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; Ftpe;Js;sJ. Gj;j kjj;jpd; gfpug;gl;l ghuk;gupak; ,e;jpah> njd;fpof;F Mrpahitj; jhz;b> [g;ghd;> nfhupah kw;Wk; rPdh Nghd;w ehLfSld; ,izf;fpwJ.Mrpa r%fj;jpw;Fs; mjpf njhlu;Gfis cUthf;Ftjw;fhd Cf;fpahf khWtNjhL> Gj;jkjKk; mgupkpjkhd Rw;Wyhj; jpwidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;jpahtpd; Gj;j kuGfs; kw;Wk; gpw Gj;j ehLfSldhd njhlu;Gfis kPl;nlLf;f gy eltbf;iffs; vLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Mrpa r%fj;jpw;Fs; mjpf njhlu;Gfis cUthf;Ftjw;fhd Cf;fpahf khWtNjhL> Gj;jkjKk; mgupkpjkhd Rw;Wyhj; jpwidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;jpahtpd; Gj;j kuGfs; kw;Wk; gpw Gj;j ehLfSldhd njhlu;Gfis kPl;nlLf;f gy eltbf;iffs; vLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j Mz;L gpg;utupapy;> nka;epfu; 8 tJ Mrpahd;-,e;jpa Rw;Wyh mikr;ru;fs; $l;lj;jpy;> Mrpahd; ehLfSldhd ,e;jpahtpd; tuyhw;W kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu njhlu;Gfis typAWj;jpdhu; kw;Wk; Mrpahd; xU Kf;fpakhd re;ij vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. ,e;jpahtpy; Gj;j Rw;Wyh> Gj;j ru;f;A+l;Lf;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Rw;Wyh Nghf;Ftuj;ij cUthf;FfpwJ. Rw;W tl;lhuj;jpy; cs;fl;likg;ig Nkk;gLj;j Rw;Wyh mikr;rfk; xU ngupa topapy; KjyPL nra;Js;sJ. ,e;jpahtpd; Gj;j ghuk;gupak; Fwpj;j tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;jTk;> Gj;j jyq;fSf;F ntspehl;L Rw;Wyhg; gazpfis mjpfupf;fTk; ru;tNjr Gj;j khehl;ilAk; ,J Vw;ghL nra;fpwJ. ngsj;jk; gz;ila ,e;jpahtpy; Gtpapay; vy;iyfSf;F mg;ghy; fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; jj;Jt ,izg;Gfis vspjhf;fpaJ kw;Wk; rkfhyj;jpd; rthy;fisAk; ntw;wpfukhf vjpu;nfhs;s ,ijg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.